Sumerianz Journal of Medical and Healthcare
Online ISSN: 2663-421X
Print ISSN: 2706-8404
Quarterly Published (4 Issues Per Year)
Journal Website: https://www.sumerianz.com/?ic=journal-home&journal=31Archive
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2018)
Immune Responses Against Autointracellular Pathogenic Genomes Or Cancered Cells
Authors : Feleke Eriso
Abstract:Cancer, also termed malignancy is a disease characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells, i.e., an abnormal growth of immortal cells with no apoptosis. More than 100 types of cancer are known, including breast cancer, skin cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoma. What makes a cell a cancered one is the autointracellular pathogenic genome, or “cancerous genome” located inside that cancered cell. The code of design of constructing or building the body of every species of all living-things is found in its genome; the same is true with the pathogenic genome in building the body of cancered cells (host cells). Three major types of tumor suppressor genes are known to code for proteins that suppress growth of cells: (i) one type tells cells to slow down and stop dividing, (ii) the second type is responsible for fixing changes (repairing) in damaged cells, and (iii) the third type is in charge of apoptosis (the programmed death of cell). If mutations that can inactivate any of these tumor suppressor genes occur, cancer will be onset and allow cancered cells to grow unchecked. The cytotoxic T cells and NK cells are 100% correct in identifying the cancered cell foreign to the body of the patient just as they identify virus-infected cells, because the genome inside the cancered cell is foreign to the body of the patient as it is transformed into a completely different genome from those found in the body of patient. The genome is transformed by a multitude of mutations referred to as driver mutations. The transformed genome is said pathogenic because it causes the dangerous disease called cancer. As the genome is changed or transformed all biological molecules/biomass of its cells produced by the coded information or directives of this changed genome are foreign (nonself) to the body of the patient and that is why the killer immune cells recognize the cancered cell as foreign to the body of the patient and kill it. Unlike the genomes of the normal cells in the body of the patient, the changed genome makes the cancered cells immortal, promotes uncontrolled rapid cell divisions, metastatic growth of cancered cells and bans apoptosis. Thus, the genome transformed by driver mutations is an autointracellular pathogenic genome. The scientific truth & the terrifying danger we suffer from cancer imparted by the term cancerous cell or cancer cell is erroneous, unpulverized, unfit or turbid, being targetless so that it cannot be used in academic lessons for learners/readers and as the result of this incompatibility it has been misleading students & confusing scientists of biological sciences of the world for centuries until the emergence of this paper. Therefore, using cancerous cell or cancer cell as a term in modern textbooks, articles of journals and in any scientific work must be banned completely. Whenever there is a patient of cancer, the host cell infected and the pathogen that invaded are the cancered cell (host cell infected) and autointracellular pathogenic genome (cancerous genome) respectively. The outcome of this study is strongly believed to empower researchers of cancer & health professionals to devise effective and optional methods of choice or strategies in fighting against cancer because their consciousness about cancer will be free from beating around the bush as the host & its intracellular pathogen that are essential for the occurrence of cancer are spectacularly distinguished to get the target accurately.
Pages: 36-47
The Patient with Overestimated Faith, Expecting for a Miraculous Healing - Approaches from the Physician
Authors : Marcelo Saad ; Roberta de Medeiros
Abstract:Research from last three decades concluded that religious-spiritual beliefs and practices are significantly associated to better physical and mental health parameters. Religiosity and spirituality are important resources for coping with challenges of life, such as serious diseases and end-of life processes. Patient and his/her family may use their religious beliefs to reframe the distressing moment of these utmost situations. At such context, they are not necessarily wrong to hope for a miraculous healing. Problems arise for the physician-patient relationship if this attitude is a denial behavior, disguised as hope. Intervention from the clinical staff is needed if the belief is a source of distress or if it is motive for hazards, such as treatment abandonment. For the physician facing such situation, some attitudes are suggested in medical literature, aiming to mitigate possible impacts over clinical decisions. The present paper explores the nature of this problem, starting from the general relation between religiosity and health. The religious coping is then analyzed both on its positive form (which fosters meaning and purpose) and negative form (spiritual distress, religious struggle). The very concept of miracles in medicine is discussed, alongside with previous objective forms of documentation. The paper finishes with some guidelines for the physician to evaluate and to approach the situation where a unrealistic expectation confronts the clinical treatment.
Pages: 31-35
Evaluation of Nurses Practice Regarding Electrocardiogram Procedure
Authors : Rasha Nabil Malk ; Hanan Elzeblawy Hassan
Abstract:Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic recording of electrical currents of the heart. It is simple and important test used to diagnose cardiac disease. Nurses are responsible for monitor and interpret ECG. Aim: Aim of this study was to evaluate nurses’ practice regarding electrocardiogram. Design: A descriptive exploratory was used. Setting: This study was conducted in the coronary and high-risk pregnancy units at Beni-Suef University Hospital. Sample: all nurses (n = 60) working at both units. Tools: An observational checklist to assess nurses’ practice regarding electrocardiogram. Results: Results of this study showed that their aged ranged between (25- 30) with a mean age was 26.60±3.614 years. Year of experience ranged between five to ten years with a mean of (6.75±3.513), ninety percent were females, eighty-six point seven percent were married. As well thirty-eight point three percent were having technical nursing education. The majority of the studied nurses had unsatisfactory practice regarding electrocardiogram. Conclusion: the majority of the nurses were having an unsatisfactory practice regarding electrocardiogram procedure. Recommendation: The importance of implementing an educational training program to raise the efficiency of nurses’ performance regarding ECG.
Pages: 24-30
Effects of Different Proportions of Salvianolic Acid and Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on the Myocardial Ischemia Model Induced by Pituitrin in Rats
Authors : Miao-Miao Lin ; Mei-Yu Cui ; Li-Na Zhang ; Bo Zhao ; Guo-Wei Zhang
Abstract:Aim: In this experiment, SD rats were injected intravenously with different proportions of test samples to observe the protective effect of intravenous injection of pituitrin (PIT)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and to determine the lipid peroxidation product of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat brain and the content and activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Creatine Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH). The role of the anti-myocardial ischemia model in the test and its optimal ratio were studied. Materials and methods: Experimental SD rats sensitive to pituitrin were randomly divided into normal saline group, model group, positive control group, and administration group (7 groups). Each group of test samples was injected through the tail vein and the lead ECG was traced. After administration for 30 min, the rats were sublingually injected with 2U/kg pituitrin, and Ⅱ lead ECG was recorded for 5 min. After 3 hours of observation, the rats were sacrificed from the cervical spine, and the hearts were removed and placed in a refrigerator at -20°C to measure various biochemical indicators. Results: The contents of MDA, LDH, and CK in myocardial ischemia model group were significantly higher than those in saline control group, and SOD activity was significantly decreased. Intravenous injection of each group of tested products has the effect of reducing the content of MDA, LDH, and CK in myocardial tissue, which can enhance the activity of SOD in myocardial tissue, and has statistical significance compared with the model group (P≤0.05 or P≤0.01). In a comprehensive comparison, the A:B=1:10 dose group had the best results. Conclusion: Under the experimental conditions, each dose group of the test article can significantly reduce the levels of MDA, LDH, and CK in the myocardial tissue of ischemic rats, and increase the activity of SOD. The effect of this dose has an increasing trend with the increase of B components, and has a certain degree of Dose-effect relationship.
Pages: 17-23
Histopathological Characteristics of Breast Carcinoma in a Tertiary Health Facility in Subsaharan Africa
Authors : Kenneth A. Omoruyi ; Martins A. Nnoli ; Godstime I. Irabor
Abstract:Background: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in the female and histopathologic features beside the molecular subtype is a very useful prognostic factor in the clinical management of breast cancer patients. The most useful histopathological prognostic factors include tumour size. Lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion and grade of the cancer, Aims and Objective: The study aim to describe the histopathological characteristics and social demographic variables of breast carcinoma at University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar. Method: This is a retrospective descriptive study of histopathologic characteristics of breast carcinoma in UCTH. The records of cases diagnosed as breast cancer in a five year period (2010-2014) in the department of Histopathology. The demographic variables and the histopathologic characteristics like the side tumour is located, tumour site, tumour size, histologic types, histologic subtypes, histologic grade, stage and number of lymph nodes involved are collated and analyzed. The findings were presented in tables and charts and statistical significance of variables tested. Result: One hundred and forty seven (147) cases of breast cancer samples were analysed. The mean age at diagnosis was 46.31+/-12.75 years old. The age ranged from 21-80 years old, the modal and median ages were 40 and 45 years respectively. Ninety eight percent (98%) were female and 2.0% male. All the males had invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified. The right breast was involved in 54.42%of cases, left was 45.58% of cases and none had bilateral breast cancer. Mastectomy was the surgical treatment for 63.95% and lumpectomy in 36.05% of cases. Ninety nine percent (99%) were ductal carcinoma while lobular carcinoma was 1%. Invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (92.52%) was the commonest histologic subtype while special types was only a minor fraction of 3.40%. The majority (75.51%) has a tumour size of 2-5cm and moderately differentiated grade 2 was the most common accounting for 48.57%. Conclusion: Breast cancer is commoner in the premenopausal women. Invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified is the commonest histologic subtype, the special type accounted for only a small fraction. The moderately differentiated breast cancer is the commonest. Breast cancer is commonest in female while the male breast cancer is just a fraction. The majority of the cancer has size 2-5cm but larger tumour size is associated with breast cancer in the young less than 40 years.
Pages: 1-16